Removal of plastid sequences by transiently expressed site-specific recombinases

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for manipulating the plastid genome of higher plants are provided.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisonal Applications 60/451,779 and 60/535,069 filed Mar. 3, 2003 and Jan. 8, 2004 respectively. Each of the foregoing applications is incorporated by reference herein.

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §202(c) it is acknowledged that the U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention described, which was made in part with funds from the National Science Foundation Eukaryotic Genetics Program, Grant Number, MCB-0319958.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the fields of molecular biology and transgenic plants. More specifically, the invention provides nucleic acid constructs and methods of use thereof for removing sequences of interest using transiently expressed site-specific recombinases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several publications and patent documents are cited throughout this application in order to better describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Each of these citations is incorporated by reference herein.

Engineering the plastid genome (ptDNA) rather than the nuclear genome gives rise to high protein expression levels and facilitates transgene containment. Plastid transformation involves targeted insertion of the transforming DNA into the plastid genome (ptDNA) by homologous recombination and amplification of the rare, transformed copies by selection for antibiotic resistance encoded in the vector (Bock, 2001; Staub, 2002; Maliga, 2004). Selection for vector-encoded antibiotic resistance genes is essential to obtain uniform transformation of the 1000 to 10000 ptDNA copies present in a higher plant. Following selection, continued expression of the selectable marker gene places an unnecessary metabolic burden on the plant, interferes with the need to use the same marker gene for multistep engineering and reduces consumer acceptance of the transgeneic plant. Thus, once transformation of ptDNA is accomplished, it is often desirable to eliminate the marker gene (Maliga, 2004).

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide nucleic acid constructs and methods of use thereof for selective removal of predetermined sequences from the plastid genome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, compositions and methods are provided which facilitate the manipulation of the plastid genomes of higher plants. The methods of the invention may be employed to remove predetermined target sequences from the plastid genome, such as selectable marker genes following successful isolation of transformed progeny. Advantageously, the present inventors have developed methods and compositions wherein both the heterologous nucleic acids (encoding a selectable marker gene for example) and the recombinase are eliminated from the transplastomic plant cell, from which progeny plants producing a protein of interest can be regenerated.

In one embodiment of the invention, the method entails providing a transplastomic plant cell comprising plastids having heterologous nucleic acid sequence(s) flanked by excision sites and a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one foreign gene of interest which is not flanked by excision sites. The plant cell is then contacted with a DNA construct which comprises a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a protein having excision activity and optionally further comprises a sequence encoding a plastid transit peptide sequence and a selectable marker gene flanked by plant specific 5′ and 3′ regulatory regions under conditions where the DNA construct enters said cell and the proteins encoded thereby are transiently expressed for a suitable time period. The proteins catalyze the excision of the heterologous sequence from the plastids in the plant cell, thereby removing the heterologous sequence. Because the protein having excising activity is only transiently expressed, expression of this protein will also be lost. The method further entails identifying those transplastomic cells which lack both both the heterologous nucleic acid sequence and the protein having excising activity. In yet another embodiment, a progeny plant is generated from the plant cell following removal of the heterologous sequences.

Proteins having excision activity for use the practice of the present invention include, without limitation, CRE, flippase, resolvase, FLP, SSVI-encoded integrase, phiC31 integrase and transposases. Table I provides additional recombinase encoding sequences and excision sites recognized thereby.

In preferred embodiments, the heterologous nucleic acid encodes a selectable marker gene which confers resistance to a selection agent. Selection agents suitable for use in the present invention include spectinomycin, kanamycin, hygromycin, streptomycin, phophinotricin, basta, glyphosate, and bromxynil.

The constructs of the invention can be introduced into plant cells using a variety of methods, which include, without limitation, Agroinfiltration, PEG fusion, biolistic delivery, CaPO4-mediated transfection, and electroporation. Preferably, agroinfiltration is used and the contruct is transiently expressed in the nucleus.

The methods of the present invention can be used to generate tranplastomic plant species which include for example, tobacco, rice, potato, maize, soybean, oil seed rape, cotton and wheat.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of plastid vector pSAC48 for CRE-mediated codA deletion. Shown are the plastid targeting region of vector pSAC48, the targeted region of the plastid genome (Nt-wt) and codA deletion derivative obtained by CRE-mediated recombination via lox sites. Positions of plastid genes rrn16, trnV and rps12/7 (Shinozaki et al., 1986), aadA and codA transgenes, lox-sites and relevant restriction sites (AI, ApaI; BII, BglII; RI, EcoRI; RV, EcoRV) are marked.

FIG. 1B shows DNA gel blot analysis tracking the codA deletion the first four days after Agroinfiltration. Total leaf cellular DNA was digested with the ApaI and EcoRV restriction endonucleases and probed with the targeting region (rrn16, 1.9-kb ApaI-EcoRV fragment). Fragments detected by the probing are marked in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A shows DNA gel blot analysis testing CRE-mediated codA deletion in plants regenerated from Agroinfiltrated leaves. Total leaf cellular DNA was digested with the ApaI and EcoRV restriction endonucleases and probed with the targeting region (rrn16, 1.9-kb ApaI-EcoRV fragment). Fragments detected by the probing are marked in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2B. PCR amplification to probe for Cre in DNA samples which were analyzed for codA deletion as shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the insertion of bar (dark arrow) and aadA (light arrow) genes into the plastid genome (ptDNA) by homologous recombination via left (L) and right (R) targeting sequences to obtain T1-ptDNA. Triangles represent lox sites.

FIG. 3B depicts maps of ptDNA, plastid vectors pPAL1, pMHB10 and pMHB11, the T1-ptDNA of Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 plants, and of the T2-ptDNA after marker gene excision. Transcripts from vectors pMHB10 and pMHB11 with 5′ and 3′ stem-loop structures are shown in red above the maps. Abbreviations: rrn16, trnV and 3′-rps12/rps7 are plastid genes; RBS, ribosome binding site; PL, promoter-leader cassette; T, transcription terminator. Map distances and restriction enzyme recognition sites are marked.

FIG. 3C shows DNA gel blot analysis to confirm T1-ptDNA structure in Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 transformed plants. Total leaf cellular DNA was digested with EcoRI and probed with the StuI/ApaI plastid DNA fragment (P1 probe, heavy line, FIG. 3B). The position and size of hybridizing fragments is marked in FIG. 3B.

FIG. 4A shows that expression of Ebar confers herbicide resistance in a leaf assay of wt, Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 plants grown in the presence 4 mg/L of PPT.

FIG. 4B depicts wild-type (wt), Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 plants one month after spraying with Liberty (2%; AgrEvo, Wilmington, Del.).

FIG. 5A shows excision of floxed aadA (light arrow) by transiently expressed CRE. Cre introduced into the plant nucleus on an Agrobacterium T-DNA is expressed in the cytoplasm, enters chloroplasts and excises floxed aadA from T1-ptDNA to yield T2-ptDNA. See Description of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 5B shows the results of short-term testing for excision. Vacuum infiltration of leaf disks (green squares) in Agrobacterium solution was followed by culture of leaf disks (1-4 days; D1-D4) on RMOP shoot regeneration medium (Svab and Maliga, 1993). Probing of EcoRI-digested total cellular DNA isolated from leaf disks with StuI/ApaI ptDNA fragment confirmed aadA excision: T1-ptDNA yields a 3.6-kb, T2-ptDNA a 2.8-kb diagnostic fragment (FIG. 3B). Agrobacterium was killed on day 3 by transferring leaf sections onto carbenicillin (500 mg/L) medium.

FIG. 5C shows the identification of T1 and/or T2 ptDNA in regenerated shoots by Southern blot analysis (for details see FIG. 5B). Information on Cre and the T-DNA plant marker gentamycin resistance (Gent^(r)) in the nucleus is listed below. Abbreviations: +, present; −, absent; nd, not determined.

FIG. 6 depicts INT-mediated excision of an atted marker gene (upper) and the marker-free plastid genome (lower).

FIG. 7 shows directly oriented attP and attB sequences with restriction sites in pBluescriptKSII+ plasmid derivative pKO95.

FIG. 8 provides schematic drawings of progenitor plasmids for construction of plastid transformation vectors with atted marker genes. Such vectors targeting insertions at the trnV-3′-rps12 intergenic region can be obtained by combining sequences from plastid vector pPRV1 described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,675, plasmid pKO95 and the marker genes cited in this application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

I. Definitions:

The following definitions are provided to aid in understanding the subject matter regarded as the invention.

Heteroplastomic refers to the presence of a mixed population of different plastid genomes within a single plastid or in a population of plastids contained in plant cells or tissues.

Homoplastomic refers to a pure population of plastid genomes, either within a plastid or within a population contained in plant cells and tissues. Homoplastomic plastids, cells or tissues are genetically stable because they contain only one type of plastid genome. Hence, they remain homoplastomic even after the selection pressure has been removed, and selfed progeny are also homoplastomic. For purposes of the present invention, heteroplastomic populations of genomes that are functionally homoplastomic (i.e., contain only minor populations of wild-type DNA or transformed genomes with sequence variations) may be referred to herein as “functionally homoplastomic” or “substantially homoplastomic.” These types of cells or tissues can be readily purified to a homoplastomic state by continued selection.

Plastome refers to the genome of a plastid.

Transplastome refers to a transformed plastid genome.

Transformation of plastids refers to the stable integration of transforming DNA into the plastid genome that is transmitted to the seed progeny of plants containing the transformed plastids. Alternatively, transformation may also include the introduction and transient expression of heterologous DNA into the plastid or nuclear genomes.

Selectable marker gene refers to a gene that upon expression confers a phenotype by which successfully transformed plastids or cells or tissues carrying the transformed plastid can be identified.

Transforming DNA refers to homologous DNA, or heterologous DNA flanked by homologous DNA, which when introduced into plastids becomes part of the plastid genome by homologous recombination.

An alternative type of transforming DNA refers to a DNA which contains recombination site sequences for a site-specific recombinase or integrase. Insertion of this type of DNA is not dependent of the degree of homology between the transforming DNA and the plastid to be transformed but rather is catalyzed by the action of the recombinase or integrase on the first and second recombination sites.

Operably linked refers to two different regions or two separate genes spliced together in a construct such that both regions will function to promote gene expression and/or protein translation.

“Nucleic acid” or a “nucleic acid molecule” as used herein refers to any DNA or RNA molecule, either single or double stranded and, if single stranded, the molecule of its complementary sequence in either linear or circular form. In discussing nucleic acid molecules, a sequence or structure of a particular nucleic acid molecule may be described herein according to the normal convention of providing the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction. With reference to nucleic acids of the invention, the term “isolated nucleic acid” is sometimes used. This term, when applied to DNA, refers to a DNA molecule that is separated from sequences with which it is immediately contiguous in the naturally occurring genome of the organism in which it originated. For example, an “isolated nucleic acid” may comprise a DNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector, or integrated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell or host organism.

When applied to RNA, the term “isolated nucleic acid” refers primarily to an RNA molecule encoded by an isolated DNA molecule as defined above. Alternatively, the term may refer to an RNA molecule that has been sufficiently separated from other nucleic acids with which it would be associated in its natural state (i.e., in cells or tissues). An isolated nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) may further represent a molecule produced directly by biological or synthetic means and separated from other components present during its production.

The term “functional” as used herein implies that the nucleic or amino acid sequence is functional for the recited assay or purpose.

The phrase “consisting essentially of” when referring to a particular nucleotide or amino acid means a sequence having the properties of a given SEQ ID No:. For example, when used in reference to an amino acid sequence, the phrase includes the sequence per se and molecular modifications that would not affect the basic and novel characteristics of the sequence.

A “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virus, to which another genetic sequence or element (either DNA or RNA) may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached sequence or element. Vectors, expression cassettes and methods suitable for the generation of transplastomic plants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,624,296, 6,472,586, 6,388,168, 6,376,744, 6,297,054, 5,877,402, and 5,451,513, by Maliga et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

An “expression operon” refers to a nucleic acid segment that may possess transcriptional and translational control sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, translational start signals (e.g., ATG or AUG codons), polyadenylation signals, terminators, and the like, and which facilitate the production of a polypeptide coding sequence in a host cell or organism. Such expression signals may be combined such that production of said polypeptide occurs transiently or is produced stably over the life of the cell.

The term “oligonucleotide,” as used herein refers to primers and probes of the present invention, and is defined as a nucleic acid molecule comprised of two or more ribo- or deoxyribonucleotides, preferably more than three. The exact size of the oligonucleotide will depend on various factors and on the particular application and use of the oligonucleotide.

The term “probe” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, polynucleotide or nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, whether occurring naturally as in a purified restriction enzyme digest or produced synthetically, which is capable of annealing with or specifically hybridizing to a nucleic acid with sequences complementary to the probe. A probe may be either single-stranded or double-stranded. The exact length of the probe will depend upon many factors, including temperature, source of probe and use of the method.

The term “primer” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide, either RNA or DNA, either single-stranded or double-stranded, either derived from a biological system, generated by restriction enzyme digestion, or produced synthetically which, when placed in the proper environment, is able to functionally act as an initiator of template-dependent nucleic acid synthesis. When presented with an appropriate nucleic acid template, suitable nucleoside triphosphate precursors of nucleic acids, a polymerase enzyme, suitable cofactors and conditions such as a suitable temperature and pH, the primer may be extended at its 3′ terminus by the addition of nucleotides by the action of a polymerase or similar activity to yield an primer extension product. The primer may vary in length depending on the particular conditions and requirement of the application.

Amino acid residues described herein are preferred to be in the “L” isomeric form. However, residues in the “D” isomeric form may be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, provided the desired properties of the polypeptide are retained.

All amino-acid residue sequences represented herein conform to the conventional left-to-right amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus orientation

The term “tag,” “tag sequence” or “protein tag” refers to a chemical moiety, either a nucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide or an amino acid, peptide or protein or other chemical, that when added to another sequence, provides additional utility or confers useful properties, particularly in the detection or isolation, to that sequence. Thus, for example, a homopolymer nucleic acid sequence or a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a capture oligonucleotide may be added to a primer or probe sequence to facilitate the subsequent isolation of an extension product or hybridized product. In the case of protein tags, histidine residues (e.g., 4 to 8 consecutive histidine residues) may be added to either the amino- or carboxy-terminus of a protein to facilitate protein isolation by chelating metal chromatography. Alternatively, amino acid sequences, peptides, proteins or fusion partners representing epitopes or binding determinants reactive with specific antibody molecules or other molecules (e.g., flag epitope, c-myc epitope, transmembrane epitope of the influenza A virus hemaglutinin protein, protein A, cellulose binding domain, calmodulin binding protein, maltose binding protein, chitin binding domain, glutathione S-transferase, and the like) may be added to proteins to facilitate protein isolation by procedures such as affinity or immunoaffinity chromatography. Chemical tag moieties include such molecules as biotin, which may be added to either nucleic acids or proteins and facilitates isolation or detection by interaction with avidin reagents, and the like. Numerous other tag moieties are known to, and can be envisioned by, the trained artisan, and are contemplated to be within the scope of this definition.

As used herein, the terms “reporter,” “reporter system”, “reporter gene,” or “reporter gene product” shall mean an operative genetic system in which a nucleic acid comprises a gene that encodes a product that when expressed produces a reporter signal that is a readily measurable, e.g., by biological assay, immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, or by calorimetric, fluorogenic, chemiluminescent or other methods. The nucleic acid may be either RNA or DNA, linear or circular, single or double stranded, antisense or sense polarity, and is operatively linked to the necessary control elements for the expression of the reporter gene product. The required control elements will vary according to the nature of the reporter system and whether the reporter gene is in the form of DNA or RNA, but may include, but not be limited to, such elements as promoters, enhancers, translational control sequences, poly A addition signals, transcriptional termination signals and the like. The terms “transform”, “transfect”, “transduce”, shall refer to any method or means by which a nucleic acid is introduced into a cell or host organism and may be used interchangeably to convey the same meaning. Such methods include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, PEG-fusion, biolistic bombardment and the like.

“Agroinfiltration” refers to Agrobacterium mediated DNA transfer. Specifically, this process involves vacuum treatment of leaf segments in an Agrobacterium suspension and a subsequent release of vacuum which facilitates entry of bacterium cells into the iner-cellular space.

“T-DNA” refers to the transferred-region of the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Ti plasmids are natural gene transfer systems for the introduction of heterologous nucleic acids into the nucleus of higher plants. Binary Agrobacterium vectors such pBIN20 and pPZP22 (GenBank Accession Number 10463) are known in the art.

A “plastid transit peptide” is a sequence which, when linked to the N-terminus of a protein, directs transport of the protein from the cytoplasm to the plastid.

A “clone” or “clonal cell population” is a population of cells derived from a single cell or common ancestor by mitosis.

A “cell line” is a clone of a primary cell or cell population that is capable of stable growth in vitro for many generations.

II. Removal of Predetermined Target Sequences from the Plastids of Transgenic Plants

The plastid genetic system is highly polyploid, as there are as many as 10,000 genome copies in a leaf cell. Plastid transformation is facilitated by selective amplification of the rare, transformed copies. This present invention addresses the reverse process, removal of the marker gene. This has been accomplished in the past by employing a site-specific recombinase, which has been stably incorporated in the nuclear genome. Since the recombinase gene is present in the nucleus and is constitutively expressed, there is ample time for the excision of all marker gene copies to take place. An alternative approach is described herein where excision function is obtained from transient expression of the site-specific recombinase. Excision of the marker genes by a transiently expressed recombinase in the absence of any selection resulted in the successful elimination of all copies from the plastid genome within a very short period of time. Thus, the method has the advantage of also eliminating the recombinase without resorting to segregation of seed progeny for this purpose.

Efficient protocols for marker gene excision rely on a CRE site-specific recombinase which excises marker genes flanked by directly-oriented, 34-bp loxP sites (floxed)(Corneille et al., 2001; Hajdukiewicz et al., 2001). CRE is fused with a plastid targeting sequence at its N-terminus, and is expressed from a stably integrated nuclear gene. After excision, Cre is removed from the nucleus by segregation in the seed progeny.

Providing CRE from a nuclear Cre gene facilitates efficient removal of the selectable marker gene, however stable expression of the CRE gene in progeny plants is undesirable. In accordance with the present invention, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient gene expression or Agroinfiltration has been employed to provide, high, yet transient levels, of nuclear gene expression of recombinases, such as CRE, from a transiently introduced T-DNA region. It has been previously reported that histochemical staining after Agroinfiltration showed transgene-expressing sectors comprising up to 90% of the leaf area (Kapila et al., 1997). Additionally, this system is suitable for the delivery of multiple proteins carried on multiple Agrobacterium binary vectors (for example (Goodin et al., 2002)) and protein yields may be enhanced by suppression of RNA silencing (Johansen and Carrington, 2001). Finally, it is known that the T-region rarely integrates in the nucleus.

In accordance with the present invention, a P1 bacteriophage CRE-loxP site-specific recombination system is also provided which is suitable for efficient elimination of marker genes from the plastid genome by transiently expressing CRE from an introduced T-DNA region shown in Examples I and II. However, the utility of the system is not limited to the CRE-loxP system. Example III describes excision of marker genes by the phiC31 phage integrase via directly oriented attP and attB sites. There are many additional site-specific recombinases, which would be equally suitable for this application (Smith and Thorpe, 2002). See Table I. Advantageously, transient CRE expression significantly shortens the time required for selectable marker gene excision and enables applications in crops in which variety preservation is incompatible with seed propagation.

The following examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention. They are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

EXAMPLE I Removal of codA from the Plastid Genome by Agroinfiltration

The previously described CRE-loxP test system has two components: a plastid tester strain carrying a cytosine deaminase (codA) transgene flanked by lox sites (floxed) conferring sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (Nt-pSAC48 plant line) and a nuclear CRE line carrying a nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted CRE (Nt-Cre1-100 and Nt-Cre2-300). Both the plastid tester (no CRE activity) and the nuclear CRE line (no lox sequence) were genetically stable. However, codA was eliminated at a very fast rate when the plastid-targeted CRE was introduced into the plastid tester strain by transformation or crossing. The gene for the nuclear-encoded CRE was subsequently separated from the transformed plastids by segregation in the seed progeny. This approach, i.e., removal of plastid sequences by CRE expressed from a stably integrated gene has been described in PCT/US00/25930 and in Corneille et al., 2001. This PCT application also provides T-DNA constructs for expressing recombinases such as CRE. PCT/US02/09537 also provides T-DNA constructs for expressing integrase.

To avoid the need to eliminate CRE expression via segregation in seed progeny, marker gene elimination by transient expression of CRE was assessed. Leaf segments of Nt-pSAC48 plants (1 cm²) were placed in vacuum in an Agrobacterium suspension in which T-DNA transfer has been induced with acetosyringone as described (Kapila et al., 1997). Agrobacterium containing pKO30 (P2′long:TP5:cre:Tnos) or pKO31 (P2′long:TP22:cre:Tnos) (Corneille et al., 2001) were inoculated into 100 ml YEB medium with 100 μg/mL spectinomycin and grown overnight at 27° C. 1 ml from the above culture was inoculated into fresh YEB medium containing 10 μM MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, pH adjusted to 5.6, 20 μM acetosyringone, and 100 μg/mL spectinomycin, and grown overnight at 27° C. The culture was centrifuged and resuspended in MMA medium to a final OD₆₆₀=2.4 as described in Kapila et al., 1997. After incubation at room temperature for 1 hour, vacuum infiltration was performed. Leaves were cut into small pieces (1 cm²) and mixed with the Agrobacterium culture. The mixture was placed under continuous vacuum of 2 Torr for 20 minutes while shaking gently. Upon releasing the vacuum, the Agrobacterium suspension infiltrated the leaves.

For two days, the leaves were incubated on an antibiotic-free medium to allow T-DNA transfer by Agrobacterium into the tobacco nuclei. After two days, the leaves were transferred onto RMOP medium containing carbenicillin (500 mg/L) to kill Agrobacterium. Notably, no selection for the antibiotic resistance marker gene carried on the T-DNA was employed. Removal of codA from the plastid genome was tested in the infiltrated leaf segments during the first four days after Agroinfection, and in plants regenerated from the leaves.

Initially, elimination of codA was assessed during the first four days after Agroinfiltration. Three leaf pieces were collected daily and DNA was extracted to test for codA excision using the plastid-targeting region as the probe (FIG. 1). DNA gel blot analysis revealed that by day 3 codA was excised in ˜50% of the plastid genome copies in three of the six samples; and by day 4 in four of the six leaf segments. Lack of excision in a small proportion of the day 4 samples is likely due to a lack in the uniformity of Agroinfiltration. Proteins introduced on the Agrobacterium T-DNA are expected to be expressed highly only for a few days. It was important, therefore, that deletion of codA occurred in 50% of the genome copies in this time frame suggesting that a significant fraction of regenerated plants will have the codA deleted.

Subsequently, codA excision in regenerated plants was tested. For this, shoots from the leaf sections were regenerated in the absence of selection for Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transfer by antibiotic resistance. Excision of codA was tested by DNA gel blot analysis of total cellular DNA isolated from leaves. To ensure independent, clonal origin of the plants, the infiltrated leaf samples (25 times 1 cm² each) were further subdivided (about 9 segments each), and only one regenerated plant was studied per piece.

Excision of codA was studied in 20 independently regenerated plants (FIG. 2). Excision of the target sequence was seen in six plants: three were homoplastomic for the deletion event (48-30-2B, 48-30-3B, 48-31-2B); one had a minor fraction of unexcised copies (48-31-1A) and two were heteroplastomic, containing genomes with codA deletion and codA-aadA-trnV deletion (48-31-4A, 48-31-5A). PCR analyses were carried out to test for Cre integration. Cre was present in four of the six samples in which codA was excised. Two clones 48-31-1A and 48-31-2B), i.e., 10% of the regenerated plants lacked an integrated Cre gene as well as all or most of the codA sequences used for selection of transformed plastids.

EXAMPLE II Transiently Expressed Cre Yields Herbicide Resistant Transplastomic Tobacco Plants Free of Selectable Markers

Construction of transplastomic herbicide resistant tobacco plants utilizing transient expression of recombinase is described in the present example. To test the efficiency of plastid marker gene excision with transiently expressed CRE, additional vectors were constructed which encode an herbicide resistance (bar) and a spectinomycin resistance (aadA) gene expressed from a single promoter by cloning a promoter-bar fragment into a promoter-less aadA/lox vector (pPAL1; FIG. 3B). The bar gene confers herbicide (phosphinothricin or PPT) resistance when the majority of ptDNA copies have been transformed, but is not suitable for direct selection of transplastomic clones when present in only a few of the 1,000 to 10,000 genome copies in a cell (Lutz et al., 2001; Ye et al., 2003). Linking bar to spectinomycin resistance (aadA) ensured efficient selection of transplastomic clones. The selectable aadA gene was floxed to facilitate its excision by the CRE. The bar genes encoded in vectors pMHB10 and pMHB11 differ in their leader sequence. Expression of the bar gene in plasmid pMHB11 is dependent on RNA editing (Ebar)(Chaudhuri and Maliga, 1996), a post-transcriptional event that converts an ACG codon (encoding a threonine) to an AUG translation initiation codon. In contrast, bar expression in plasmid pMHB10 is independent of RNA editing (FIG. 3B). Plasmid pPAL1 was obtained by replacing the EcoRI-HindIII region in plastid vector pPRV100B (Zoubenko et al., 1994) with a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1. Plasmid pMHB10 was obtained by replacing the EcoRI-HindIII region in plastid vector pPRV100B (Zoubenko et al., 1994) with a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 2. Plasmid pMHB11 was obtained by replacing the EcoRI-HindIII region in plastid vector pPRV100B (Zoubenko et al., 1994) with a nucleic acid of SEQE ID NO:3.

Plasmids pMHB10 and pMHB11 were introduced into plastids by biolistic bombardment (Svab and Maliga, 1993), followed by integration of bar and aadA into the plastid genome, a process that yielded T1 transplastomes (T1-ptDNA; FIG. 3A). Transformed shoots were identified by spectinomycin resistance (500 mg/L) on a selective RMOP shoot regeneration medium (Svab and Maliga, 1993) and integration of the transforming DNA was verified by Southern blot analysis of total leaf cellular DNA (FIG. 3C). Plants were designated by plasmid name, a serial number and letters, for example Nt-pMHB10-23AH.

T1-ptDNA plants were tested for herbicide resistance in cell culture and in the greenhouse. Leaf segments of both the Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 plants proliferated on a culture medium containing 4 mg/L phosphinothricin (PPT), the active compound of the herbicide Liberty, whereas the wild-type tobacco leaf segments bleached and died (FIG. 4A). Herbicide resistance was tested in the greenhouse by spraying (2% Liberty). The wild type plants died within two weeks, while the transgenic Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 plants flowered and set seed (FIG. 4B). The bar genes encode phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), an enzyme that detoxifies PPT. Acetylation of PPT was confirmed in leaf extracts of plants carrying the bar and Ebar genes. We also tested editing of the chimeric mRNA and found that >80% of the mRNAs had the ACG codon converted to an AUG translation initiation codon (data not shown). However, the editing-dependent Ebar gene (pMHB11) was not expressed in E. coli, as expected (Lutz et al., 2001)(data not shown), because prokaryotes lack the capacity for mRNA editing (Smith et al., 1997). Since no mRNA sequence is edited in the plant nucleus (Smith et al., 1997), Ebar mRNA will not confer herbicide resistance if the gene accidentally escapes to the plant nucleus (Huang et al., 2003; Stegemann et al., 2003). However, this Ebar will be expressed in the plastids of tobacco, and other higher plant species which share the capacity to edit the initiation codon of psbL mRNA (Kudla et al., 1992; Chateigner-Boutin and Hanson, 2002), the source of the edited segment (pSC4)(Chaudhuri et al., 1995). The editing-based herbicide-resistance gene described here is a useful alternative to intein-based protein splicing (Chin et al., 2003) and also provides an effective means of transgene containment.

According to the current protocols, the floxed marker gene is excised by CRE expressed from an integrated nuclear gene (Corneille et al., 2001; Hajdukiewicz et al., 2001). When tobacco plants with T1-ptDNA were obtained, we tested the feasibility of excising the floxed aadA marker gene from the plastid genome with a transiently expressed CRE (FIG. 5A). Based on the data presented in Example I, we anticipated that transient CRE expression would yield enough CRE to excise a significant fraction of the marker genes from the ˜10,000 T1-ptDNA copies. Agroinfiltration has been previously described and is suitable for high-level nuclear gene expression from a transiently introduced T-DNA region. Agroinfiltration involves vacuum treatment of leaf segments in an Agrobacterium suspension, and subsequent release of the vacuum to facilitate entry of bacterium cells into the inter-cellular space (Kapila et al., 1997). Infiltration was performed with Agrobacterium strain EHA101(Hood et al., 1986) carrying the pKO31 binary vector encoding a plastid-targeted CRE and gentamycin resistance as the plant marker (Corneille et al., 2003). Protein expressed from the T-DNA accumulates in two to four days after agroinfiltration (Johansen and Carrington, 2001; Voinnet et al., 2003). Therefore, we tested marker gene excision in T1-ptDNA leaf segments up to four days after agroinfiltration. Marker gene excision was observed as early as three days after agroinfiltration. By day four, a significant fraction of plastid genome copies lacked the marker gene (FIG. 5B).

Encouraged by the levels of marker gene excision in the short-term experiment, agroinfiltration was used in efforts to obtain marker-free transplastomic plants. Infiltration of Nt-pMHB10 and Nt-pMHB11 leaf sections was carried out with Agrobacterium EHA101 carrying vector pKO31 as described above. Two days after infiltration the leaf segments were placed on shoot regeneration medium, which contained carbenicillin (500 mg/L), to kill the Agrobacterium cells. Plants were then regenerated in the absence of selection for T-DNA transfer (gentamycin resistance). A month later the regenerated plants were individually tested for marker gene excision by Southern blot analysis (FIG. 5C). Marker-excised (T2) plastid genomes were detected in 19 of the 61 tested plants (11 of 27 Nt-pMHB10; 8 of 34 Nt-pMHB11). The nuclear Cre gene was absent in 7 clones (3 Nt-pMHB10; 4 Nt-pMHB11), as determined by PCR analysis (FIG. 5C). One of these (Nt-pMHB11-12AK) carries the unselected gentamycin resistance gene (data not shown).

Overall, excision of aadA by the transiently expressed nuclear CRE yielded marker-free transplastomic plants in ˜10% (6 out of 61) of the regenerated plant's, in which Agrobacterium T-DNA delivery was not followed by T-DNA integration. This number is comparable to the ˜12% excision frequency (13 out of 57) of a floxed plastid codA gene observed in regenerated shoots after agroinfiltration (See Example I) and is much higher than excision efficiency of a nuclear gene (0.25%) by a transiently expressed CRE in the absence of direct selection for the excision event (Gleave et al., 1999). For an overview of marker gene excision from the nuclear genome, see Hare and Chua, 2002 and Ow, 2002.

Presently four systems are available for plastid marker gene elimination. One approach relies on the loop-out of the marker gene through directly repeated sequences (Iamtham and Day, 2000). A second approach involves co-transformation with two independently targeted plastid transgenes (Ye et al., 2003). Both approaches are difficult to control since transformation and marker gene elimination occur simultaneously. The third approach is based on restoration of the green phenotype in pigment deficient mutants and depends on the availability of knockout mutants of plastid photosynthetic genes (Klaus et al., 2004). The most efficient, generally applicable approach excises floxed marker genes by CRE expressed from an integrated nuclear gene (Corneille et al., 2001; Hajdukiewicz et al., 2001). Plastid marker gene excision by transiently expressed CRE significantly accelerates the production of marker-free transplastomic plants as it eliminates the requirement to segregate out the nuclear Cre in the seed progeny. Until the present invention, CRE-mediated excision was not applicable to vegetatively propagated species such as potato, apple, and poplar, as variety preservation is incompatible with seed propagation in these highly heterozygous crops. Transient expression of CRE for marker gene removal now enables production of marker free transplastomic plants that belong to this group.

EXAMPLE III Excision of Marker Genes by a Transiently Expressed phiC31 Phage Site-Specific Integrase (INT)

In addition to CRE-loxP, there are many site-specific recombination systems, which are suitable for the excision of plastid marker genes (Smith and Thorpe, 2002). One of these is the phiC31 phage integrase (INT), which mediates recombination between bacterial attB and phage attP sequences. The minimal sequences for attB and attP function were defined to be 34 and 39 bp, respectively (Groth et al., 2000). In mammalian cells longer sequences were more efficient. Therefore, in tobacco plastids, a 55-bp attB site was incorporated in the plastid genome to facilitate INT-mediated insertion of a vector carrying a 217-bp attP sequence (Lutz et al., 2004).

Molecular reactions carried out by the recombinase depend on the orientation and location (cis or trans) of target sequences. If the marker gene is flanked by directly orientated attB and attP target sites (atted), INT mediates excision of the atted marker gene and leaves behind a recombinant attB/attP site. A general scheme for a plastid vector with an atted marker gene is shown in FIG. 6. The atted marker gene can be excised by INT, which is stably integrated in the nucleus. Such stably transformed lines can be obtained by transformation with Agrobacterium binary vector pKO117 (Lutz et al., 2004). INT can also be expressed transiently by Agroinfiltration using binary vector pKO117 as described in Example II. To create a suitable plastid transformation vector containing an atted marker gene, attP and attB sequences from E. coli plasmid pKO95 can be used. The map of plasmid pKO95 is shown in FIG. 7; the DNA sequence of the region between the XhoI and SpeI sites is included within SEQ ID NO: 4. Plastid transformation vectors with an atted marker gene can be constructed using the progenitor plasmids shown in FIG. 8. Marker genes can be inserted at the Sca I site located between the directly oriented attP and attB sequences. Suitable marker genes for insertion have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,675 and pending patent application US99/17806. The multiple cloning sites are also present for cloning of passenger genes.

The following sequences were used in the methods of the present invention: SEQ ID NO: 1 GAATTCGAGC TCGGTACCCG GGGATCCGGT ACatctagat GTACCATAAC TTCGTATAAT GTATGCTATA CGAAGTTATa gatcaattca gttgtaggga gggatttATG gGGGAAGCGG TGATCGCCGA AGTATCGACT CAACTATCAG AGGTAGTTGG CGTCATCGAG CGCCATCTCG AACCGACGTT GCTGGCCGTA CATTTGTACG GCTCCGCAGT GGATGGCGGC CTGAAGCCAC ACAGTGATAT TGATTTGCTG GTTACGGTGA CCGTAAGGCT TGATGAAACA ACGCGGCGAG CTTTGATCAA CGACCTTTTG GAAACTTCGG CTTCCCCTGG AGAGAGCGAG ATTCTCCGCG CTGTAGAAGT CACCATTGTT GTGCACGACG ACATCATTCC GTGGCGTTAT CCAGCTAAGC GCGAACTGCA ATTTGGAGAA TGGCAGCGCA ATGACATTCT TGCAGGTATC TTCGAGCCAG CCACGATCGA CATTGATCTG GCTATCTTGC TGACAAAAGC AAGAGAACAT AGCGTTGCCT TGGTAGGTCC AGCGGCGGAG GAACTCTTTG ATCCGGTTCC TGAACAGGAT CTATTTGAGG CGCTAAATGA AACCTTAACG CTATGGAACT CGCCGCCCGA CTGGGCTGGC GATGAGCGAA ATGTAGTGCT TACGTTGTCC CGCATTTGGT ACAGCGCAGT AACCGGCAAA ATCGCGCCGA AGGATGTCGC TGCCGACTGG GCAATGGAGC GCCTGCCGGC CCAGTATCAG CCCGTCATAC TTGAAGCTAG ACAGGCTTAT CTTGGACAAG AAGAAGATCG CTTGGCCTCG CGCGCAGATC AGTTGGAAGA ATTTGTCCAC TACGTGAAAG GCGAGATCAC CAAGGTAGTC GGCAAATAAT GTctagctag ataacttcgt ataatgtatg ctatacgaag ttatAGACAT TAGCAGATAA ATTAGCAGGA AATAAAGAAG GATAAGGAGA AAGAACTCAA GTAATTATCC TTCGTTCTCT TAATTGAATT GCAATTAAAC TCGGCCCAAT CTTTTACTAA AAGGATTGAG CCGAATACAA CAAAGATTCT ATTGCATATA TTTTGACTAA GTATATACTT ACCTAGATAT ACAAGATTTG AAATACAAAA TCTAGcaagc tt SEQ ID NO: 2: GAATTCGAGC TCGCTCCCCC GCCGTCGTTC AATGAGAATG GATAAGAGGC TCGTGGGATT GACGTGAGGG GGCAGGGATG GCTATATTTC TGGGAGAATT AACCGATCGA CGTGCaAGCG GACATTTATT TTaAATTCGA TAATTTTTGC AAAAACATTT CGACATATTT ATTTATTTTA TTATTATGAG AATCAATCCT ACTACTTCTG GTTCTGGGGT TTCCACGgct AGCCCAGAAa GAaGaCCGGC CGACATCCGC CGTGCCACCG AGGCGGACAT GCCGGCGGTC TGCACCATCG TCAACCACTA CATCGAGACA AGCACGGTCA ACTTCCGTAC CGAGCCGCAG GAACCGCAGG AGTGGACGGA CGACCTCGTC CGTCTGCGGG AGCGCTATCC CTGGCTCGTC GCCGAGGTGG ACGGCGAGGT CGCCGGCATC GCCTACGCGG GCCCCTGGAA GGCACGCAAC GCCTACGACT GGACGGCCGA GTCGACCGTG TACGTCTCCC CCCGCCACCA GCGGACGGGA CTGGGCTCCA CGCTCTACAC CCACCTGCTG AAGTCCCTGG AGGCACAGGG CTTCAAGAGC GTGGTCGCTG TCATCGGGCT GCCCAACGAC CCGAGCGTGC GCATGCACGA GGCGCTCGGA TATGCCCCCC GCGGCATGCT GCGGGCGGCC GGCTTCAAGC ACGGGAACTG GCATGACGTG GGTTTCTGGC AGCTGGACTT CAGCCTGCCG GTACCGCCCC GTCCGGTCCT GCCCGTCACC GAGATCTGAT GAtctagatG TACCATAACT TCGTATAATG TATGCTATAC GAAGTTATag atcaattcag ttgtagggag ggatttATGg GGGAAGCGGT GATCGCCGAA GTATCGACTC AACTATCAGA GGTAGTTGGC GTCATCGAGC GCCATCTCGA ACCGACGTTG CTGGCCGTAC ATTTGTACGG CTCCGCAGTG GATGGCGGCC TGAAGCCACA CAGTGATATT GATTTGCTGG TTACGGTGAC CGTAAGGCTT GATGAAACAA CGCGGCGAGC TTTGATCAAC GACCTTTTGG AAACTTCGGC TTCCCCTGGA GAGAGCGAGA TTCTCCGCGC TGTAGAAGTC ACCATTGTTG TGCACGACGA CATCATTCCG TGGCGTTATC CAGCTAAGCG CGAACTGCAA TTTGGAGAAT GGCAGCGCAA TGACATTCTT GCAGGTATCT TCGAGCCAGC CACGATCGAC ATTGATCTGG CTATCTTGCT GACAAAAGCA AGAGAACATA GCGTTGCCTT GGTAGGTCCA GCGGCGGAGG AACTCTTTGA TCCGGTTCCT GAACAGGATC TATTTGAGGC GCTAAATGAA ACCTTAACGC TATGGAACTC GCCGCCCGAC TGGGCTGGCG ATGAGCGAAA TGTAGTGCTT ACGTTGTCCC GCATTTGGTA CAGCGCAGTA ACCGGCAAAA TCGCGCCGAA GGATGTCGCT GCCGACTGGG CAATGGAGCG CCTGCCGGCC CAGTATCAGC CCGTCATACT TGAAGCTAGA CAGGCTTATC TTGGACAAGA AGAAGATCGC TTGGCCTCGC GCGCAGATCA GTTGGAAGAA TTTGTCCACT ACGTGAAAGG CGAGATCACC AAGGTAGTCG GCAAATAATG Tctagctaga taacttcgta taatgtatgc tatacgaagt tatAGACATT AGCAGATAAA TTAGCAGGAA ATAAAGAAGG ATAAGGAGAA AGAACTCAAG TAATTATCCT TCGTTCTCTT AATTGAATTG CAATTAAACT CGGCCCAATC TTTTACTAAA AGGATTGAGC CGAATACAAC AAAGATTCTA TTGCATATAT TTTGACTAAG TATATACTTA CCTAGATATA CAAGATTTGA AATACAAAAT CTAGcaagct t SEQ ID NO: 3: GAATTCgagc tcggtaccca aaGCTCCCCC GCCGTCGTTC AATGAGAATG GATAAGAGGC TCGTGGGATT GACGTGAGGG GGCAGGGATG GCTATATTTC TGGGAGCGAA CTCCGGGCGA ATACGAAGCG CTTGGATACA GTTGTAGGGA GGGATCCATG gCTTTGGGAT CAATATCAGC AATGCAGTTC ATCCAACGAT AAACTTAATC CGAATTATAG AGCTACGACA CAATCAgctA GCCCAGAAaG AaGaCCGGCC GACATCCGCC GTGCCACCGA GGCGGACATG CCGGCGGTCT GCACCATCGT CAACCACTAC ATCGAGACAA GCACGGTCAA CTTCCGTACC GAGCCGCAGG AACCGCAGGA GTGGACGGAC GACCTCGTCC GTCTGCGGGA GCGCTATCCC TGGCTCGTCG CCGAGGTGGA CGGCGAGGTC GCCGGCATCG CCTACGCGGG CCCCTGGAAG GCACGCAACG CCTACGACTG GACGGCCGAG TCGACCGTGT ACGTCTCCCC CCGCCACCAG CGGACGGGAC TGGGCTCCAC GCTCTACACC CACCTGCTGA AGTCCCTGGA GGCACAGGGC TTCAAGAGCG TGGTCGCTGT CATCGGGCTG CCCAACGACC CGAGCGTGCG CATGCACGAG GCGCTCGGAT ATGCCCCCCG CGGCATGCTG CGGGCGGCCG GCTTCAAGCA CGGGAACTGG CATGACGTGG GTTTCTGGCA GCTGGACTTC AGCCTGCCGG TACCGCCCCG TCCGGTCCTG CCCGTCACCG AGATCTGATG AtctagatGT ACCATAACTT CGTATAATGT ATGCTATACG AAGTTATaga tcaattcagt tgtagggagg gatttATGgG GGAAGCGGTG ATCGCCGAAG TATCGACTCA ACTATCAGAG GTAGTTGGCG TCATCGAGCG CCATCTCGAA CCGACGTTGC TGGCCGTACA TTTGTACGGC TCCGCAGTGG ATGGCGGCCT GAAGCCACAC AGTGATATTG ATTTGCTGGT TACGGTGACC GTAAGGCTTG ATGAAACAAC GCGGCGAGCT TTGATCAACG ACCTTTTGGA AACTTCGGCT TCCCCTGGAG AGAGCGAGAT TCTCCGCGCT GTAGAAGTCA CCATTGTTGT GCACGACGAC ATCATTCCGT GGCGTTATCC AGCTAAGCGC GAACTGCAAT TTGGAGAATG GCAGCGCAAT GACATTCTTG CAGGTATCTT CGAGCCAGCC ACGATCGACA TTGATCTGGC TATCTTGCTG ACAAAAGCAA GAGAACATAG CGTTGCCTTG GTAGGTCCAG CGGCGGAGGA ACTCTTTGAT CCGGTTCCTG AACAGGATCT ATTTGAGGCG CTAAATGAAA CCTTAACGCT ATGGAACTCG CCGCCCGACT GGGCTGGCGA TGAGCGAAAT GTAGTGCTTA CGTTGTCCCG CATTTGGTAC AGCGCAGTAA CCGGCAAAAT CGCGCCGAAG GATGTCGCTG CCGACTGGGC AATGGAGCGC CTGCCGGCCC AGTATCAGCC CGTCATACTT GAAGCTAGAC AGGCTTATCT TGGACAAGAA GAAGATCGCT TGGCCTCGCG CGCAGATCAG TTGGAAGAAT TTGTCCACTA CGTGAAAGGC GAGATCACCA AGGTAGTCGG CAAATAATGT ctagctagat aacttcgtat aatgtatgct atacgaagtt atAGACATTA GCAGATAAAT TAGCAGGAAA TAAAGAAGGA TAAGGAGAAA GAACTCAAGT AATTATCCTT CGTTCTCTTA ATTGAATTGC AATTAAACTC GGCCCAATCT TTTACTAAAA GGATTGAGCC GAATACAACA AAGATTCTAT TGCATATATT TTGACTAAGT ATATACTTAC CTAGATATAC AAGATTTGAA ATACAAAATC TAGcaagctt SEQ ID NO: 4: ctcGAGCAAT CGCCCTGGGT GGGTTACACG ACGCCCCTCT ATGGCCCGTA CTGACGGACA CACCGAAGCC CCGGCGGCAA CCCTCAGCGG ATGCCCCGGG GCTTCACGTT TTCCCAGGTC AGAAGCGGTT TTCGGGAGTA GTGCCCCAAC TGGGGTAACC TTTGAGTTCT CTCAGTTGGG GGCGTAGGGT CGCCGACATG ACACAAGGGG TTGTGACCGG Gaagcttgat atcgaattcc tgcAGCCGCG GTGCGGGTGC CAGGGCGTGC CCTTGGGCTC CCCGGGCGCG TACTCCACta gt

While the use of CRE and phi31 integrase recombinases are exemplified herein, other recombinases identified by GenBank accession numbers and their cognate excision site sequences are encompassed within the scope of the present invention and are set forth below in Table I. TABLE 1 Site-specific recombinases and the corresponding recognition site and references Rec. Name site Recognition sequence Ref. XerC dif GGTGCGCATAATGTATATTATGTTA (Cornet et C37841 AAT al., 1997) XerD dif GGTGCGCATAATGTATATTATGTTA (Cornet et P21891 AAT al., 1997) Flp FRT GAAGTTCCTATTCTCTAGAAAGTAT (Luetke and J01347 AGGAACTTC Sadowski, 1998) Hin hixL TTCTTGAAAACCAAGGTTTTTGATA (Glasgow et NCC_(—) hixR TTATCAAAAACCTTCCAAAAGGAAAA al., 1989) 003197 R4 attB AGTTGCCCATGACCATGCCGAAGCAG (Olivares D90361 TGGTAGAAGGGCACCGGCAGACAC et al., attP GCATGTTCCCCAAAGCGATACCACTT 2001) GAAGCAGTGGTACTGCTTGTGGGTAC ACTCTGCGGGTG P2 attB ACCAGAGATAGGGCTTATGCATAAAA (Yu et al., AAD03297 AAATAAGCCCGTGTAAGGGAGATTAC 1989) ACAGGCTAAGGAGGTGGTTCCTGGTA CA attP TTTTATTTCAATTTATTGTACGTAAA AAATAAGCCCGTGTAAGGGAGATTTA GGGTGTCACCAGTAGGGGCTTTCAAC GG lambda attB TCCGTTGAAGCCTGCTTTTTTATACT (Ross et AAA96562 AACTTGAGCGAAACG al., 1979) attP CGTTTCTCGTTCAGCTTTTTTATACT AAGTTGGCATTATAAAAAAGCATTG Mx8 attB GAAGGGCCCGGAACCTTGCGATTCCG (Tojo et AAC48895 GGCCCTTCTTAGTGGCGAGGAGTACG al., 1996) GGACTTGAACCCGTGGCCTCCGGCGT GAC attP AAAACCCCAGCAAGTCCGAGAACTTG CTGGGGCAGGGGTGGCGAGGAGTACG GGACTTGAACCCGTACTCCTGGGCTC CTT phiadh attB ATTACAGCTTAACCTGACCTAATGAA (Raya et JN0535 GAAAATAAATTGTTACACTTCTTAGG al., 1992) AGGAGAAGTTTCGATCAGTCACCTAT ATCTAGTTCAAATT attP CCCTATAGCACTATTGCTACAGGGCT TTATTTATTGCTCTACACTTCTTAGG AGGTTCAATGTGACGAAGTCACACCA ATGTTGATATTAAA Cornet, F., Hallet, B. and Sherratt, D.J.: Xer recombination in Escherichia coli. Site-specific DNA topoisomerase activity of the XerC and XerD recombinases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (1997)21927-31. Glasgow, A.C., Bruist, M.F. and Simon, M.I.: DNA-binding properties of the Hin recombinase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 264 (1989)10072-82. Luetke, K.H. and Sadowski, P.D.: DNA sequence determinant for Flp-induced DNA bending. Molecular Microbiology 29 (1998)199-208. Olivares, E.C., Hollis, R.P. and Calos, M.P.: Phage R4 integrase mediates site-specific integration in human cells. Gene 278 (2001)167-76. Raya, R.R., Fremaux, C., De_Antoni, G.L. and Klaenhammer, T.R.: Site-specific integration of the temperate bacteriophage phi adh into the Lactobacillus gasseri chromosome and molecular characterization of the phage (attP) and bacterial (attB) attachment sites. Journal of Bacteriology 174 (1992)5584-92. Ross, W., Landy, A., Kikuchi, Y. and Nash, H.: Interaction of int protein with specific sites on lambda att DNA. Cell 18 (1979)297-307. Tojo, N., Sanmiya, K., Sugawara, H., Inouye, S. and Komano, T.: Integration of bacteriophage Mx8 into the Myxococcus xanthus chromosome causes a structural alteration at the C-terminal region of the IntP protein. Journal of Bacteriology 178 (1996)4004-11. Yu, A., Bertani, L.E. and Haggard_Ljungquist, E.: Control of prophage integration and excision in bacteriophage P2: nucleotide sequences of the int gene and att sites. Gene 80 (1989)1-11.

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While certain of the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described and specifically exemplified above, it is not intended that the invention be limited to such embodiments. Various modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention, as set forth in the following claims. 

1. A site specific recombination method for removal of heterologous nucleic acid sequences from the plastid genome, said method comprising: a) providing a transplastomic plant cell, said plastids of said cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence flanked by excision sites and a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one foreign gene of interest which is not flanked by excision sites; b) providing a DNA construct, said construct comprising a promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a protein having excision activity and optionally comprising a sequence encoding a plastid transit peptide sequence and a selectable marker gene flanked by plant specific 5′ and 3′ regulatory regions; c) introducing the construct of step b) into the plant cell of step a) such that said DNA construct enters said cell and the proteins encoded thereby are transiently expressed for a suitable time period, said proteins catalyzing the excision of the heterologous sequence from the plastids in the plant cell of step a), thereby removing said heterologous sequence; and d) identifying those transplastomic cells which lack both said heterologous nucleic acid sequence and said protein having excising activity.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a plant from the transplatomic plant cell of step d).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said heterologous nucleic acid encodes a selectable marker gene which confers resistance to a selection agent.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein expression of said selectable marker gene confers resistance to a selection agent selected from the group consisting of spectinomycin, kanamycin, hygromycin, streptomycin, phophinotricin, basta, glyphosate, and bromxynil.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said protein having excision activity is selected from the group consisting of CRE, and phi31 integrase and said excision sites are selected from the group consisting of LOX and ATT.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said recombinase and its cognate excision site are selected from the group listed in Table I.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the construct of step b) is introduced into said cells via a method selected from the group consisting of Agroinfiltration, PEG fusion, biolistic delivery, CaPO4-mediated transfection, and electroporation.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said construct of step b) is introduced into said plant cell by agroinfiltration and is expressed in the nucleus of said plant cell.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said plant cell is obtained from a plant selected from the group consisting of tobacco, rice, potato, oil seed rape, corn, wheat,
 10. A DNA construct for use in the method of claim 1, said construct consisting essentially of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO:4. 